Listen to free internet radio, sports, music, news, talk and podcasts. Stream live events, live play-by-play NFL, MLB, NBA, NHL, college football, NCAA basketball. Auto-Tune is a proprietary audio processor created by Antares Audio Technologies. Auto-Tune uses a phase vocoder to correct pitch in vocal and instrumental performances. It is used to disguise off-key inaccuracies and mistakes to allow for less takes in a studio.

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TUNE!FM (ACMA callsign: 2UNE) is the University of New England’s (UNE) campus radio station, a high power open narrowcasting service operated by UNELife. Founded in 1970, the station is Australia’s oldest university broadcaster, serving UNE’s students, staff, and the broader Armidale community.

History[edit]

TUNE!FM has a colourful history of broadcasting, both legally and illegally. Its inception dates back to 1968 when a group of five students called the UNE Radio Committee presented a prerecorded, half-hour radio show each week on Armidale's local commercial station, 2AD. With the support of this group, Professor Neville Fletcher of the UNE Physics Department approached the then Postmaster-General's Department and presented the idea of establishing a service similar to those emerging on university campuses in the United States. After considering this novel idea, the Postmaster-General wrote on 14 January 1969 to say a licence would be issued. The licence allowed the station to operate a 'closed-loop' system with micro-transmitters located in each of the eight residential colleges on campus.

After overcoming technical and operational hurdles, Radio UNE (RUNE) began test transmissions on 1630 kHz on the AM band in March 1970. The station was officially opened at 7pm on 27 April that year, with a pre-recorded message from the Vice Chancellor, Professor Zelman Cowen who oversaw the license application. Richard 'Swinging Dick' Mutton, Station Manager, introduced the first music track, Harry Nilsson'sEverybody's Talking.^[1] Operating on only a yearly budget of about $3000, the initial construction of the station was an impressive example of passionate student motivation and community spirit. The studio desk was built from scraps by one volunteer, another student did the electrical wiring and one especially committed staff member even built a studio in his own home for production work.^[2] Only a few months later on 4 August, RUNE put itself firmly on the map with a bold attempt at an Australian record. Nineteen-year-old student Nigel Wood extraordinarily broadcast non-stop for 87 hours going on-air every 15 minutes. Several years later in 1991, the station would take back its record with student Ian Ferguson smashing out a massive 192 hours of non-stop announcing.^[3]

TUNE!FM has operated on a 10 watt HPON Narrowcast licence since it was awarded a frequency on the FM radio spectrum in 1986.^[4] Interference problems and frustration with the low powered transmission system led the station to experiment, sometimes illegally, with alternative transmission methods. At times the station could be heard as far away as Uralla and Guyra. This limitation was appealed during the late 1990s and again in 2009. Both of these appeals were rejected by the ABA and ACMA respectively, even though the location of TUNE!FM's transmitter at the Newling Building in town restricts the station from being heard reliably on the main UNE campus.

Whilst being a Narrowcast station, TUNE!FM is a full member of the CBAA, and voluntarily subscribes to the Community Broadcasters' Code of Practice.

Until 2006, the station was funded by the UNE Students' Association (UNESA) through compulsory student union fees. Following the introduction of voluntary student unionism, the administration of the station was transferred to Services UNE Ltd in February 2006 prior to a Special General Meeting of the Students' Association that wound up that association. On 11 July 2006, the university announced a funding package for Services UNE Ltd and Sport UNE to ensure that a variety of non-academic services, including TuneFM, could be maintained on campus [1][2]. In late 2008 the station was allocated over $600,000 from both the Federal Government and the University of New England in order to build new studios and facilities. These grants were awarded on the provision that TUNE!FM's new facilities could be utilised as a part of a proposed School of Rural Media and Communications at the University of New England.

TUNE!FM became the focus of national attention during the 2010 Federal Election, after TUNE's Operations Manager Kate Doak released audio from the station's archives of Opposition Leader Tony Abbott from 1979.^[5] The audio was recorded for the 'Campuswide' current affairs program during a conference at the University of New England, which Mr Abbott attended during his tenure as the President of the University of Sydney's Student Association. The story was picked up by the Sydney Morning Herald and remained in the Headlines section of their website for over three days during the election campaign, under the name of 'The Tiny Tony Tapes'.^[6]

At the commencement of 2014 the management of TUNE!FM was handed back over to the re-established UNESA.^[7]

Staff[edit]

• Brian Windsor (Deceased) (Station Manager) - 1976
• Lance E Jones (Station Manager) - 1977-78 (Production Manager) - 1979-1980
• Tony Johnson (Station Manager) - 1979-1980
• Jim Vasey (Station Manager) - 1981
• Simon Smith (Station Manager) - 1982
• Naomi Nicholson (Record Librarian) - 1982-1983
• Andrew Plumbly (Station Manager) 1984-1986
• Shaun Sykes (Record Librarian) - 1985
• Anna Blakeney (Station Manager) 1986
• Shaun Sykes (Station Manager) - 1986-1987
• Janene Willoughby (Station Manager) - 1987
• Phil Wright (Station Manager) - 1987-1988
• Ron Smith (Broadcast Technician) - 1989? - 2001
• Ben Turley (Station Manager) - ?
• Jen Lacey (Station Manager) - 1996-1997
• Andrea Ho (Station Manager) - 1998-1999
• Steve Gray (Station Manager) - 1999-2000
• Andrew Devenish-Meares (Assistant Station Manager, Station Manager) - 1997-2007
• Jack McCaw (Production Manager) - 1998-2000
• Michael Pollard (Station Manager) - 2001-2004
• Edward Campbell (Station Manager) - 2004-2008
• Reuben Foster (Assistant Station Manager) - 2007
• Tegan Guthrie (Music Director) - 2007-2009
• Lesley Rickman (Music Director) - 2009-2010
• Kate Doak (Operations Manager) - 2008-2011
• Chris Jahnsen (Station Manager) - 2008-2010
• Emily Blackburn (Station Manager) - 2010-2011
• David Seaman (Station Co-ordinator) - 2011-2012
• Tania Court (Station Manager) - 2013 -

References[edit]

1. ^TuneFM (2005). TuneFM History. Retrieved 14 Sept. 2005.
2. ^Nucleus, The Student Power Sound (2013). Retrieved 1 May 2013.
3. ^Nucleus, The Student Power Sound (2013). Retrieved 1 May 2013.
4. ^'Defence of Licence'. (29 July 1986) The New Englander, p. 4.
5. ^'An Abbott Interview.. From 1979' - TUNE!FM 5 August 2010 http://blog.une.edu.au/tunefm/2010/08/05/election-2010-an-abbott-interview-from-1979/
6. ^'From the vault: The Tiny Tony Tapes and Julia on the barricades' - Sydney Morning Herald - 6 August 2010 http://www.smh.com.au/federal-election/from-the-vault-the-tiny-tony-tapes-and-julia-on-the-barricades-20100806-11l1i.html#ixzz2BCv8dVK9http://www.smh.com.au/federal-election/from-the-vault-the-tiny-tony-tapes-and-julia-on-the-barricades-20100806-11l1i.html
7. ^'Structural Changes to Services', Nuclues, 18 December 2013, http://www.nucleus.org.au/2013/12/18/news-structural-changes-to-services/

External links[edit]

A tuner is a subsystem that receives radio frequency (RF) transmissions like radio broadcasts and converts the selected carrier frequency and its associated bandwidth into a fixed frequency that is suitable for further processing, usually because a lower frequency is used on the output. BroadcastFM/AM transmissions usually feed this intermediate frequency (IF) directly into a demodulator that convert the radio signal into audio-frequency signals that can be fed into an amplifier to drive a loudspeaker.

More complex transmissions like PAL/NTSC (TV), DAB (digital radio), DVB-T/DVB-S/DVB-C (digital TV) etc. use a wider frequency bandwidth, often with several subcarriers. These are transmitted inside the receiver as an intermediate frequency (IF). The next step is usually either to process subcarriers like real radio transmissions or to sample the whole bandwidth with A/D at a rate faster than the Nyquist rate that is at least twice the IF frequency.

A tuner can also refer to a radio receiver or standalone audio component that are part of an audio system, to be connected to a separate amplifier. The verb tuning in radio contexts means adjusting the radio receiver to receive the desired radio signalcarrier frequency that a particular radio station uses.

Design[edit]

The simplest tuner consists of an inductor and capacitor connected in parallel, where the capacitor or inductor is made to be variable. This creates a resonant circuit which responds to an alternating current at one frequency. Combined with a detector, also known as a demodulator (diode D1 in the circuit), it becomes the simplest radio receiver, often called a crystal set.

Older models would realize manual tuning by means of mechanically operated ganged variable capacitors. Often several sections would be provided on a tuning capacitor, to tune several stages of the receiver in tandem, or to allow switching between different frequency bands. A later method used a potentiometer supplying a variable voltage to varactor diodes in the local oscillator and tank circuits of front end tuner, for electronic tuning.

Modern radio tuners use a superheterodyne receiver with tuning selected by adjustment of the frequency of a local oscillator. This system shifts the radio frequency of interest to a fixed frequency so that it can be tuned with fixed-frequency band-pass filter. Still later, phase locked loop methods were used, with microprocessor control.

In a self-contained radio receiver for audio, the signal from the detector after the tuner is run through a volume control and to an amplifier stage. The amplifier feeds either an internal speaker or headphones. In a tuner component of an audio system (for example, a home high-fidelity system or a public address system in a building), the output of the detector is connected to a separate external system of amplifiers and speakers.

The broadcast audio FM band (88 - 108 MHz in most countries) is around 100 times higher in frequency than the AM band and provides enough space for a bandwidth of 50 kHz. This bandwidth is sufficient to transmit both stereo channels with almost the full hearing range. Sometimes, additional subcarriers are used for unrelated audio or data transmissions. The left and right audio signals must be combined into a single signal which is applied to the modulation input of the transmitter; this is done by the addition of an inaudible subcarrier signal to the FM broadcast signal. FM stereo allows left and right channels to be transmitted. The availability of FM stereo, a quieter VHF broadcast band, and better fidelity led to the specialization of FM broadcasting in music, tending to leave AM broadcasting with spoken-word material.

Restoration[edit]

Standalone audio stereo FM tuners are sought after for audiophile and TV/FM DX applications, especially those produced in the 1970s and early 1980s, when performance and manufacturing standards were among the highest.^{[citation needed]} In many instances the tuner may be modified to improve performance. A growing hobby trend is the electronics specialists that buy, collect and restore these vintage FM or AM/FM audio tuners. The restoration usually begins with replacing the electrolytic capacitors that may age over time. The tuner is outfitted with improved tolerance and better sounding upgraded parts. Prices have increased relative to the increasing demand for the older audio tuners. Those with the most value are the best sounding, most rare (collectible), the best DX capable (distance reception) and the known build quality of the component, as it left the factory.^[1]

AM/FM[edit]

Most of the early tuner models were designed and manufactured to receive only the AM broadcast band. As FM became more popular, the limitations of AM became more apparent, and FM became the primary listening focus, especially for stereo and music broadcasting. Few companies even manufacture dedicated FM or AM/FM tuners now, as these bands are most often included in a low cost chip for A/V systems, more as an afterthought, rather than designed for the critical FM listener.^{[citation needed]}

In Europe, where a second AM broadcast band is used for longwave broadcasting, tuners may be fitted with both the standard medium wave and the additional longwave band. However, radios with only medium wave are also common, especially in countries where there are no longwave broadcasters. Rarely, radios are sold with only FM and longwave, but no medium wave band. Some tuners may also be equipped with one or more short wave bands.

Television[edit]

A television tuner converts a radio frequencyanalog television or digital television transmission into audio and video signals which can be further processed to produce sound and a picture. Different tuners are used for different television standards such as PAL, NTSC, ATSC, SECAM, DVB-C, DVB-T, DVB-T2, ISDB, T-DMB, open cable. An example frequency range is 48.25 MHz - 855.25 MHz(E2-E69),^[2] with a tuning frequency step size of 31.25, 50 or 62.5 kHz.^[2] Modern solid-state internal TV-tuner modules typically weigh around 45 g.^[2]

Before the use of solid-state frequency synthesizers, covering the broad range of TV signal frequencies with a single tuned circuit and sufficient precision was uneconomic. Television channel frequencies were non-contiguous, with many non-broadcast services interleaved between VHF channels 6 and 7 in North America, for example. Instead, TV tuners of the era incorporated multiple sets of tuned circuits for the main signal path and local oscillator circuit. These 'turret' tuners mechanically switched the receiving circuits by rotating a knob to select the desired channel. Channels were presented in fixed sequence, with no means to skip channels unused in a particular area. When UHF TV broadcasting was made available, often two complete separate tuner stages were used, with separate tuning knobs for selection of VHF band and UHF band channels. To allow for a small amount of drift or misalignment of the tuner with the actual transmitted frequency, tuners of that era included a 'fine tuning' knob to allow minor adjustment for best reception. The combination of high frequencies, multiple electrical contacts, and frequent changing of channels in the tuner made it a high maintenance part of the television receiver, as relatively small electrical or mechanical problems with the tuner would make the set unusable.

Analog tuners can tune only analog signals. An ATSC tuner is a digital tuner that tunes digital signals only. Some digital tuners provide an analog bypass.

VHF/UHF TV tuners are rarely found as a separate component, but are incorporated into television sets. Cable boxes and other set top boxes contain tuners for digital TV services, and send their output via SCART or other connector, or using an RF modulator (typically on channel 36 in Europe and channel 3/4 in North America) to TV receivers that do not natively support the services. They provide outputs via composite, S-video, or component video. Many can be used with video monitors that do not have a TV tuner or direct video input. They are often part of a VCR or digital video recorder (DVR, PVR). Many home computers in the 1970s and 1980s used an RF modulator to connect to a TV set.

Personal computers may be fitted with expansion cards (typically with PCI or USB interface) providing a TV tuner and digital signal processor (DSP). They may be dedicated TV tuner cards, or incorporated into a video card. These cards allow a computer to display and capture television programs. Many earlier models were stand-alone tuners, designed only to deliver TV pictures through a VGA connector; this allowed viewing television on a computer display, but did not support recording television programs.

Smartphone and tablets can use a Micro USB DVB-T receiver to watch DVB-T TV.

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Electronic tuner[edit]

An electronic tuner is a device which tunes across a part of the radio frequency spectrum by the application of a voltage or appropriate digital code words. This type of tuner supersedes mechanical tuners, which were tuned by manual adjustment of capacitance or inductance in the tuned circuits. In a more practical and everyday sense, a radio or television set which is tuned by manually turning a knob or dial contains a manual tuner into which the shaft of that knob or dial extends.

Nov 16, 2013  Auto-Tune Mobile conforms to the Inter-App Audio (IAA) standard so you can use Auto-Tune with your other IAA apps. Notice when using with GarageBand that the Auto-Tune filter takes effect as you record the track. If you want to pitch correct a pre-existing vocal you will need to replay it outside of GarageBand and re-record it to a new track. Auto tune mobile garageband software. How To Use Auto-Tune (Pitch Correction) In Garageband. First things first. You need to know the key signature of the music. This should be the first step you make. If you want to know the key signature of the song, I just find the tonal center of the music, and then I. Oct 15, 2017  How to Use Auto-Tune with GarageBand on an iPhone In this video, I use an iPhone 7 128 GB iOS 11, to record using Garageband mobile in conjunction with Auto-Tune Mobile. Follow closely for the how. Mar 21, 2016  I have the newest version of garageband (10.0.3) I've looked everywhere and people seem to think I'm talking about the old garage band but I have the new one (2015), anyways I like to play around with making songs and stuff. Oct 11, 2011  The auto tune effect is great in R&B, Hip Hop, and maybe even Pop music. Your imagination is the limit when you're working with vocal effects. With the large selection of royalty-free loops that come with GarageBand, there is a lot you can do if you're an indie musician. Using auto tune is surprisingly simple, it only takes a few steps.

Early model televisions and radios were tuned by a rack of buttons; some of the earlier types were purely mechanical and adjusted the capacitance or inductance of the tuned circuit to a preset number of positions corresponding to the frequencies of popular local stations. Later electronic types used the varactor diode as a voltage controlled capacitance in the tuned circuit, to receive a number of preset voltages from the rack of buttons tuning the device instantly to local stations. The mechanical button rack was popular in car radios of the 1960s and 1970s. The electronic button rack controlling the new electronic varactor tuner was popular in television sets of the 1970s and 1980s.

Modern electronic tuners also use varactor diodes as the actual tuning elements, but the voltages which change their capacitance are obtained from a digital to analog converter (DAC) driven by a microprocessor or phase locked loop (PLL) arrangement. This modern form allows for very precise tuning and locking-in on weak signals, as well as a numerical display of the tuned frequency.

See also[edit]

• Digital television adapter (DTA)

References[edit]

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1. ^amfmdx.net - FM Tuner ModsArchived 2008-03-24 at the Wayback Machine
2. ^ ^abcivtvdriver.org - FM1216ME (MK3 family). Multi-Standard Desktop Video & FM, Radio Module, 2001-10-18

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